Changing the trajectory of a projectile can be accomplished by unbalancing the pressure distribution on the body surface and this usually is achieved by surface spreading techniques. The major drawbacks of such techniques are high drag force; fins aerodynamic heating and high time response. To overcome these difficulties, recently application of plasma actuators has been evaluated numerically and experimentally. It is known that the time response of a projectile to control commands is a key factor to its CEP. In the present paper, unsteady flow around a supersonic projectile was calculated using Fluent software and its time response to a control command was analyzed. In this investigation, it is shown that using plasma actuator in comparison with aerodynamic fins can reduce the time response of a projectile about one order of magnitude. This reduction in time response can improve the performance of a projectile significantly.

The main question for which the author tries to provide a reply in this article is that where is the place of governmental commands in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The hypothesis of the research is that the Constitution is based on the governmental commands, and its enforcement and efficiency is in debt to these commands; and many Articles of the Constitution show the same point. The Constitution is a legal basis to administrate the country; and the governmental command, as an instrument to increase efficiency and attain the objectives of the State, has been provided for the country's higher management. To explain the main question, minor questions resulted from the former, and hypothesis of the research, the present writing has been arranged in an introduction, eight sections, and a conclusion. Because of the firm relation between the Constitution, governmental commands, management, and efficiency, in Introduction and first five sections of the article, efficiency and management and objectives of the system, governmental commands, interest, the scope of authorities of the Wilayat Faqih (Guardianship of the Jurist), and study of interests have been discussed as an explanatory introduction. In the last three sections of the article (Governmental commands and the Constitution, Wilayat Faqih and the Constitution, the Place of the Governmental commands in the Constitution), the hypothesis of the research is explained and a reply is provided for the main question. Conclusion shows in brief that this goal has been attained.

To being synchronically effective, equitable and humanness, in anticipating and implementing of criminal sanctions, a ‘’penal policy’’ should utilize a range of punishments which be appropriate with the variety of crimes, diversity of criminals and difference of crime situations. This variety in quality and countity is highly considered in Islamic penal policy since establishment of fixed and certain punishments that includes ghesas, diat and hodood (retaliates, mulcts and penances), beside the flexible and uncertain punishments (taazirat). But the existence of sever dissensions among the Islamic jurists (foghaha) about the different aspects of hodood and –especially- in taazirat (discretive punishments), is the sign of incognition of the real nature of this two types of punishment. This ''juristicial ambiguity'' has been terminated to low results in use of the variety of these sanctions in legislative and judicial criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present essay, considers the different applications of these two terms (hodood and taazirat), as well as, the various juristic opinions about the extent, kinds and commands of hodood and taazirat. The first output of this research is to attract attentions to great disputes in juristic understoods about an important section of Islamic penal policy. However, the final aim of this essay is to notify about the ruining results of tendency to verbalition and negligence from the meaning and the base of Islamic juristiality (tafaghoh), which, has more harmful results in the context of policies including the criminal ones.

Prophet Mohammad (P) was at the peak of eloquence and rhetoric at the height of the comprehensively statement and spoke with every tribe in their language. To express the whole of word, we review the metaphor of prophet's words in order to demonstrate a piece of his rhetoric and eloquence. This paper seeks to examine the art of metaphor and expressions of the Holy Prophet (P). Our method of discussion is choosing several Hadiths in every type of metaphor, and then performing them to Hadiths and also investigating different types of metaphor by expressing some evidences from prophetic Hadiths. To proof our findings, we presented a number of books on ancient rhetoric. What we are trying to prove is illustrating different aspects of the rhetoric in the word of Prophet.

Breastfeeding by the mother is a subject that has been addressed in the verses of the Holy Qur’ an and narrations. Scientific research also indicates that breast milk is a nutrient-rich food and complete and there is no quite similar alternative to it; therefore, international associations have put breast-feeding development programs on the agenda. In this research, the divine commands in the Qur’ an have been studied along with the daily plans. The research method was documentary and library-based, based on which international articles and programs via internet search were extracted as well as verses related to breastfeeding in the Qur’ an were studied and the results were compared. According to the findings, the World Health Organization recommends the use of breast milk as the sole source of nutrition for up to 6 months and then for up to two years and advises to develop it. The Holy Qur’ an recommends breastfeeding for two years in its verses. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the benefits of breastfeeding by the mother besides the complete feeding of the infant, have positive side effects such as the future health of the adult, mental relaxation and sustainable development that have been proven today. These scientific findings are what the verses of the Qur'an recommend.

Some sciences are the precursors of others And in Arabic literature, rhetorical knowledge that identifies the subtleties, styles and beauties of speech, are helpful to the knowledge that deals with texts and are the tools of their analysis and inference. Jurisprudence, which derives the rules of Islamic law from Qur'an and traditions, requires scientific knowledge and practical application of rhetorical techniques in the religious texts analysis. What can be useful are jurists' objective patterns in these techniques interaction method and how to use rhetoric in deriving commands. This article examines the rhetorical sciences application in jurisprudential interpretive reasoning with a descriptive-analytical method among jurisprudential interpretations and shows in practice how semantics, rhetoric and figures of speech are effective in this field. In semantics brevity, presentation and delay, in the science of expression, all its types, especially figurative expression, irony and exaggeration, are the items that have been shown to influence how to infer.

Theological Voluntarism is the view according to which certain moral properties or statuses have to be explained in terms of God’s commands, will, or other voluntary states of God. In his God and Moral Law, Mark Murphy criticizes theological voluntarism in general and Adams’ divine command theory of the nature of moral obligations in particular. Furthermore, he puts forward the first sketches for a theory of moral obligation that is not voluntaristic. In this paper I will first introduce Murphy’s proposed theory and will show that it is implausible. Then, drawing on Adams’ views of the nature of goodness and virtue, articulated in Finite and Infinite Goods and A theory of Virtue, I will try to put forward the first sketches of a viable theory of moral obligations that does not appeal to divine commands in explaining moral obligations and explains them in terms of goodness/badness. An important feature of morality that voluntarists appeal to for motivating their view and criticizing views that explain obligations in terms of goodness is the existence of supererogatory actions, i. e., actions that are good but not required. I will focus on this feature of morality and try to show how a theory of moral obligation that explains the obligations in terms of goodness can accommodate this feature.

We show that the radical bundle of an algebra bundle is a characteristic ideal bundle. Further we prove an algebra bundle is semisimple if and only if its derivation algebra bundle is either semisimple or zero.

Distinguishing between prescriptive and advisory commands is an undeniable and significant necessity in jurisprudential inference. In this study, through the case study of famous examples of advisory commands and comparing the three types of religious commands i.e. advisory, preferred prescriptive and prescriptive command being a path, the main elements that form advisory and prescriptive commands will be discovered. The results of this research show that the essential element in prescriptive commands is the use of the lordship status and the lord’s legal personality in stimulating the servant to perform the act; on the other hand, advisory commands apply where either there is no lordship or the lord, for certain reasons, does not use his lordship to stimulate the servant and instead he uses other methods such as declaring the benefits and harms of an act.  Nevertheless, in any type of commands, the lord actually desires that the servant performs the act or refrains from it and only the method and means of stimulation are different. The results of this research show that having an independent benefit, entailing reward, lack of punishment, being related to worldly and hereafter affairs, the existence of real or factitious demand, the existence or absence of an independent intellectual ruling, being new-established or emphasized, etc. do not constitute inclusive and exclusive standards for the distinction between advisory and prescriptive commands.

Let $\Re$ be an associative ring with involution $*$. An additive map $\lambda\rightarrow \lambda^{*}$ of $\Re$ into itself is called an involution if the following conditions are satisfied $(i) (\lambda\mu)^{*}=\mu^{*}\lambda^{*}$, $(ii) (\lambda^{*})^{*}=\lambda ~~ \mbox{for all}~ \lambda,\mu\in \Re$. A ring equipped with an involution is called an $*$-ring or ring with involution. The aim of the present paper is to establish some results on $*$-$\alpha$-derivations in $*$-rings and investigate the commutativity of prime $*$-rings admitting $*$-$\alpha$-derivations on $\Re$ satisfying certain identities also prove that if $\Re$ admits a reverse $*$-$\alpha$-derivation $\delta$ of $\Re$, then $\alpha\in Z(\Re)$ and some related results have also been discussed.